Legislation- A-Z Guide 2021 S.I. our database. A multidimensional ana- lysis of physiological topic, products, target populations, claim categories and success rates led us to the identification of five specific profiles (FIGURE 5): Profile (2) includes risk reduction claims and a higher chance of favorable opinion for carbohydrates as an ingredient playing a role on cardiovascular function, oral health, energy metabolism and muscle recovery. For example, chewing sugar- free chewing gum reduces the risk of tooth decay by remineralizing tooth enamel; Profile (3) includes dossiers with higher risks of unfavorable opinions for pre- biotic and probiotic as ingredients tar- geting digestive and immune functions. Probiotics and prebiotics initially suffered from a lack of characterization in technical records. Digestive and immune functions are particularly difficult to validate because they are based on a complex physiolo- gical balance where markers and bene- ficial effects are not clearly defined for the general population. EFSA’s published guidances on this point clarified what was 033 irrelevant but failed to propose standar- dized protocols. Success for these types of dossiers will therefore rely strongly on the implementation of proprietary inter- vention studies adapted to a specific function and on a solid scientific argu- ment based both on intervention studies but also on mechanistic and epidemiolo- gical data; Profile (4) includes claims about child growth, cognitive function and vision, functional foods and fatty acids. It confirms, for example, that alpha-linolenic acid contributes to cognitive development in children 3 to 6 years of age; Profile (5) also includes claims relating to the growth of children but with higher chances of favorable opinions and relate to growth functions, joint and bones health for vitamin and mineral-type ingredients. These claims around vitamins and mine- rals are based on scientific consensus and are therefore primarily a transcription for the children’s population of generic health claims (Art 13.1); Profile (1), finally, has a significant number of determinants and is more difficult to interpret. It includes functional claims News on Functional & Health Ingredients \ Special Issue \ A - Z Health Ingredients 2021 \ ■