NbS Triple Win Toolkit: Implementation Guidance – Executive Summary 9 These benefits from NbS materialise over longer timescales,but long-term monitoring and evaluation is limited. Partnerships with NGOs in local areas and decentralising decision-making may help resolve long-term monitoring issues. Engaging local communities, leaders, or institutions can tie NbS to structures already embedded on the ground. This gives communities autonomy over interventions and activities, which can increase buy-in and sustain interventions after project completion. Capacity building and technology transfer is required for maintenance and monitoring after the drawdown or reduction of external funding. Setting outcome indicators in addition to activity-based indicators provides complementary approaches to measuring biodiversity effectively. Activity-based indicators are worthwhile for short-term monitoring, but do not provide an assessment of whether outcome objectives were achieved. Outcome indicators can more comprehensibly address the larger and longer-term benefits of NbS. Mainstreaming NbS into national policy or international agreements can achieve long-term planning and commitment. Embedding NbS in national policy extends the timeframes under which commitments are considered. It can also connect NbS to diverse funding schemes, which can support project implementation or continuation. Incentives to continue monitoring are created as NbS is tied into national reporting requirements. NbS can be incorporated into reporting for biodiversity through the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD); for climate through Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) for the Paris Agreement or United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC); poverty reduction through the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and resiliency frameworks. Leveraging a focus on biodiversity can open access to resources or funding as projects contribute to broader policy goals or international reporting requirements. For ODA and ICF spending, NbS implementation feeds directly into the triple win objectives set by UK Government and is fortified by policy such as the 25 Year Environment Plan or reports such as the Dasgupta Review. By emphasising biodiversity, NbS can be a valuable investment for ODA spending by UK Government as it represents added benefits for development projects. Importantly, the case studies demonstrate how benefits for climate and people are not lost with a focus on biodiversity. The delivery of multiple, public benefits and the cost-effectiveness of NbS can also be demonstrated as biodiversity indicators appropriate to project and programme scale are developed. On-going value for money assessments will develop proof-of-concept for NbS and encourage long-term monitoring to support the economic case for NbS. Understanding the impact of risks and uncertainties on the delivery of benefits from NbS projects requires long term monitoring and comparison with pre-project appraisals. Post-project value for money assessments should test key assumptions and robustness, as well as how key stakeholders have benefited and will continue to benefit when project implementation finishes. This will also develop understanding of the drivers of risk, who assumes risk, and how risk can be mitigated through project design and implementation. NbS projects intentionally designed to deliver benefits from, and net gain for, biodiversity enhancement can still effectively deliver for climate and people – achieving the triple win. The opportunity presented by NbS is to design and monitor projects or sets of interventions which are able to deliver for biodiversity and nature explicitly and verifiably, without trade-offs for climate or people. Applying intentional biodiversity objectives as part of NbS for assistance programmes and othersectors not focused on conservation can achieve a net gain of biodiversity instead of no net loss or even a reduction in biodiversity.By following the materials in the Toolkit and using a basis ofbiodiversity, projects can be effectively designed, implementedand monitored to deliver on all three aspects of the triple win.