NbS Triple Win Toolkit: Biodiversity Indicators in Context 43 The focus of this work was in consideration of the ICF KPI suite,and in particular the emphasis on NbS as a mechanism for achieving the triple win. To that end the indicators drawn up represent ICF KPI methodology notes, and recommendations are made with regard to the ICF programme process, and to complement the existing KPIs. Broadly, however, the recommendations made here would be suitable for wider consideration across ODA spend, where scale and activities are relevant (i.e. those that result in any ecosystem restoration and/or reduction of any threats to species). Similar to the relevance of project-level indicators to ICF, the guidance provided here may frame deliberation on the objectives and outcomes of projects, and subsequently if there is more that can be done to enhance the biodiversity benefits of activities, and if the appropriate monitoring is in place to ensure the objectives are achieved. In particular, none of the pressures-related indicators have been recommended as a KPI as they are less generic (i.e. individual pressures objectives are less widely applicable than a broad objective for ecosystem restoration). However, if addressing certain pressures is a particular priority for ODA, such as reducing pollution levels, it would be valuable to consider making relevant metrics a core indicator. Relevance of NbS biodiversity indicators to wider ODA spend Further considerations would include the applicability of the indicators to systems benefitting from ODA. A significant example is marine – the focus on NbS of ICF means that the programmes to date are largely terrestrial or coastal. Offshore regions introduce significant challenges for marine monitoring, most notably the difficulty in understanding the system of interest and collecting data (particularly on biodiversity components), and the connectivity of the ocean meaning that it can be difficult to understand flows, and certainly difficult to define attribution and contribution of impacts. The focus on NbS by ICF means that all interventions considered should be providing a benefit to nature. Programmes that support similar activities such as described here (e.g. ecosystem restoration, reduction of threats) would also therefore be achieving biodiversity benefits even if they were not overtly aiming for NbS, and therefore the recommendations can be considered more widely. However, the converse is that where NbS are not a particular objective of the intervention or programme is that negative impacts are also a possibility, such as increased clearance of land, or intensificationof agriculture. Therefore, outside of an NbS context greater consideration needs to be given to negative impacts and neteffects (e.g. as some pressures decrease, others may increase)to give a holistic picture of the biodiversity impacts of programmes.