NbS Triple Win Toolkit: Principles 20 While NbS should be site- or landscape-specific, they also must be considered within a holistic context. As ecosystems are interconnected, interventions in one landscape can impact ecological or human communities outside the scope of a project across temporal and geographical scales4,9,24. With a holistic perspective, leakageor displacement of harm from one community to another canbe identified and avoided, minimised or mitigated, supporting implementation of the ‘do no harm’ principle14,16,23. Project designersand managers should look for synergies between sectors and policies,but may find ‘win-win’ outcomes are not always feasible10 due totrade-offs between objectives, communities, or short and long-term benefits3,27. Where triple wins cannot be achieved at all scales,alignment with global priorities (frameworks such as the Sustainable Development Goals) or local needs can resolve tensions. Techniques Consider trade-offs and synergies across multiple scales such as spatial planning or extended cost-benefit analysis can help identify and influence the distribution of winners and losers across landscapes, thereby maximising synergies, minimising trade-offs and resulting in positive impacts for equity and overall project effectiveness18. Bottom-up and top-down integration of goals and knowledge enables a cross-sectoral, transboundary (ecosystem, regional, or international), and multiple scale approach to NbS18,23. View examples: > Ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction in Afghanistan > Silvopastoral systems in Colombia > Integrated water resource management in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Return to Principles