NbS Triple Win Toolkit: Future Directions 117 Future Direction: Capturing the wide range of benefits in NbS project appraisal can help demonstrate the cost-effectiveness of NbS, highlight suitable financial benefits and opportunities for private investors, and improve project design. Economic evaluations – including cost-effectiveness or value for money – of NbS have been rarely conducted, particularly as part of post-project evaluations. Where economic cases are developed, they often do not account for the full range of benefits of NbS. Co-benefits, especially biodiversity, are underrepresented in the economic case for NbS or not valued appropriately. This contributes to the uncertainty regarding the cost-effectiveness of NbS in comparison with engineered solutions or business as usual practices. Economic assessments at project appraisal stage which more accurately and comprehensively reflect the quantitative and qualitative benefits encourage the design of projects which explicitly target, monitor and monetise qualitative aspects of a triple win NbS. Additionally, this informs public sector investment in projects equally beneficial acrossthe triple win objectives, as well as private sector and impact investment by highlighting both the financial benefits and social returns in parity.This is especially valuable when attempting to evaluate interventions across a diversity of ecosystems and geographies. Making a comprehensive economic assessment a prerequisite for fundingwould develop the evidence base and ensure non-monetisablebenefits are given parity with monetised or financial benefits. Future Direction: The public sector can foster the necessary enabling conditions for investment in NbS by the private sector. There is a large gap in the funding required to undertake NbS projects across the globe to help meeting domestic and international climate and biodiversity targets or obligations. Whilst the public sector is unlikely to be able to fill this gap itself, it can create the conditions necessary to stimulate further private sector involvement in appropriate NbS projects. Pre- and post-project economic assessment which measure and monitor both the social and environmental benefits, as well as the financial benefits in which the private sector can invest, is likely to demonstrate the viability of NbS projects for a wider range of potential investors. Increasing evidence and performance data available to the private sector which align with reporting metrics and KPIs, as well as regulating investment practices (e.g. by requiring compliance with reporting frameworks that incorporate nature-related risks) will advance the mainstreaming of NbS investments by the private sector.