NbS Triple Win Toolkit: Biodiversity Indicators in Context 47 The proposed indicators are designed to facilitate reporting and communication of the direct biodiversity benefits of ODA spending.A potential indirect benefit of the funding and proposed indicatorswould be in helping ODA-eligible countries with their own national reporting when assessing progress on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) – in particular the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). The indicators proposed here have been recommended in part because of their potential alignment with these major MEAs, meaning that programme or portfolio-level biodiversity objectives of ODA funding should also support domestic biodiversity agendas. However, although indicators of the impact of ODA funding could contribute to national-level assessments for MEAs, such indicators only the reflect the project areas and not other parts of the country, and so cannot be used in isolation. The usefulness of the proposed indicators will also critically depend on ensuring the data collected are accessible and clearly communicated to relevant countries. The intention would be that the data collection would directly assist in national-level reporting, and therefore to avoid double-counting anyODA-level reporting should not be considered as additive tocontributions also recorded in national reports. Relevance to the Convention on Biological Diversity The CBD has three main objectives: (i) conserving biological diversity, (ii) sustainable use of the components of biological diversity, and (iii) fair and equitable sharing of the benefits from utilising genetic resources. From 2011-2020, these objectives were tackled throughthe Strategic Plan for Biodiversity (2011-2020) with its five Strategic Goals and its subsidiary set of 20 Targets (the ‘Aichi Targets’). At a national level, countries developed their own national biodiversity National biodiversity metrics: Relevance of recommendations to MEAs strategies and action plans (NBSAPs) with targets and indicators designed to be consistent with the global framework. The post-2020 CBD framework is still being negotiated and so future national level CBD indicators and targets are not agreed. In any case, the approach to national reporting will vary depending on country-specific priorities and practicalities. However, initial drafts of the high-level goals for the post-2020 framework include the following: “increasing the area, connectivity, and integrity of natural ecosystems… supporting healthy and resilient populations of all species while reducing the number of species that are threatened…,and maintaining genetic diversity”46. This ambition encompasses biodiversity at several levels: Ecosystems (Extent, Connectivity, Integrity) Species (Extinction risk, Populations) Genes (Genetic diversity, Conservation of genetic resources) All countries will therefore need to set targets and indicators intheir NBSAPs that contribute to achieving the goals and targetsof the post-2020 global biodiversity framework. At the ecosystem level, the proposed indicator ‘Hectares under ecological restoration’ is relevant for understanding the area overwhich actions to increase the extent and integrity of natural habitats have taken place. The emphasis of the proposed indicator on ecological restoration is important to the CBD ambition, because ecological restoration expressly aims to recover the integrityof natural systems.