NbS Triple Win Toolkit: Glossary 122 Invasive species = species that are introduced, accidentally or intentionally, outside of their natural geographic range and thatbecome problematic150. Landscape approach = Dealing with large-scale processes in an integrated and multidisciplinary manner, combining natural resources management with environmental and livelihood considerations86. Mainstreaming = Incorporating a specific concern, e.g. sustainable use of ecosystems, into policies and actions155. Mitigation (of climate change) = A human intervention to reducethe sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases77. Monoculture = The agricultural practice of producing or growing a single crop, plant, or livestock species, variety, or breed in a field or farming system at a time147. Multi-criteria analysis = A decision tool that integrates and weights different types of monetary and non-monetary information, based on ecological, social and economic criteria: economic valuation of ecosystem goods and services can be incorporated as one of these criteria150. Natural capital = An economic metaphor for the limited stocks of physical and biological resources found on earth, and of the limited capacity of ecosystems to provide ecosystem services. Natural resources, like water, air and soil150. Natural or ecological infrastructure = A concept referring to both services by natural ecosystems (e.g. storm protection by mangroves and coral reefs or water purification by water and wetlands), and to nature within man-made ecosystems (e.g. microclimate regulationby urban parks)150. Nature-based Solution = Actions which enlist elements of nature or natural processes to address a particular problem, or suite of problems, faced by society and which deliver multiple benefits in the form of public goods (for further information, please see the Methods Document). Official Development Assistance (ODA) = When support, expertise or finance is supplied by one government to help the people of another country. Commonly known as ‘overseas aid’160. Opportunity cost = the value which reflects the best alternative usea good or service could be put to117. Payment for ecosystem services (PES) = Market-based approaches using payments or rewards to encourage or discourage specific practices in natural resources management150. Protected area = a geographically defined area, which is designated or regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives152. Reforestation = Re-establishment of forest through planting and/or deliberate seeding on land classified as forest153. Restoration = Any intentional activities that initiate or accelerate the recovery of an ecosystem from a degraded state147 (wider definition). = Any activity with the goal of achieving substantial ecosystem recovery relative to an appropriate reference model32 (definition used for the ecological restoration indicator guidance). Resilience = The capacity of social, economic, and environmental systems to cope with a hazardous event or trend or disturbance, responding or reorganizing in ways that maintain their essential function, identity, and structure, while also maintaining thecapacity for adaptation, learning, and transformation77.