NbS Triple Win Toolkit: Biodiversity Indicators in Context 44 A major challenge to the ICF indicators is that the indicators area result of reporting within a project life-cycle, which in biodiversityterms is often very short and not long enough to ensure the outcomes (a functioning near-natural ecosystem; improved species range, numbers and composition) are achieved. As such many of the recommendations are well-qualified activity indicators (implementation of actions to improve the quality of ecosystems and/or reduce and remove threats to species) but do not comprehensively monitor whether the outcome objectives are achieved (for example planted saplings may die before they mature, or species’ range and abundance may not increase due to connectivity and dispersal issues). The larger and longer-term nature of ODA is a real opportunity to consider the adoption of outcome indicators, such as those based on actual land use change and improvement, or actual species’ trends. A combination of activity and outcome indicators would complement each other well, and it is likely that outcome indicators would be more relevant to MEA commitments and reporting (see National biodiversity metrics).