NbS Triple Win Toolkit: Biodiversity Indicators in Context 49 Relevance to Sustainable Development Goals The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of 17globally agreed goals to address global challenges and achieve‘a better and more sustainable future for all’. Each of the 17 goals has a set of targets and indicators, with the indicators reported for each country annually. At the national level, Voluntary National Reviews allow countries to assess and review progress towards the SDGs by describing country-specific activities and indicators that are relevant to the global SDG targets. Information from either of the proposed indicators could contribute to these national level assessments of progress, particularly in relation to the following SDGs: Goal 14: “Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development” Goal 15: “Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification,and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss” Goal 14 and Goal 15 emphasise conservation, restoration, andhalting biodiversity loss, and so both of the proposed indicatorscould contribute to Voluntary National Reviews of progress towards these goals. There are two general types of situation in whichthe proposed indicators could be helpful: i) By providing information that directly demonstrates progress towards the SDG target. The proposed ‘Hectares under ecological restoration’ indicator should contribute directly to understanding progress for any targets that specifically refer to restoration – particularly if data are made available by ecosystem type. The proposed ‘Improvement in status of threatened species’ indicator should contribute directly to understanding progress for any targets that specifically refer to improving biodiversity. Also note that this indicator is based on the same data as the Red List Index (already a global-level indicator for SDG target 15.5) but focuses on evaluating the contribution of activities to threat status rather than tracking threat status. ii) By providing information that could be relevant to the target for certain types of project, but might require some disaggregation e.g. because the target and the proposed ODA indicator do not completely overlap. For example, the ‘Hectares under ecological restoration’ indicator potentially includes projects that reduce pollution or remove invasive species but also covers many other types of intervention. Similarly, some projects that contribute to the ‘Status of threatened species indicator’ will involve restoring habitats or reducing threats that are part of SDG targets (e.g. habitat degradation or poaching) and so will involve collecting data that could be used as part of reporting against SDG targets, but the relevance of this will vary between projects. Table 2 summarises the links between the proposed indicators and SDG targets. Note that the number of relevant SDG targets is not necessarily the best measure of the relative value of a proposed indicator for national reporting – this will also depend on how well-understood each target is already, which in turn may vary between countries.