NbS Triple Win Toolkit: Future Directions 114 NbS can constitute one part of a suite of complementary engineered or technological approaches, including: early warning systems for disaster-risk management, remote sensing for detecting change and informing prioritisation, or building hard ‘grey’ infrastructure with NbS integrated. Another selected case study (Mangrove Restoration in Viet Nam) recognised certain limitations to mangrove restoration in protecting coastal communities from storm surges. Using local knowledge and experimentation, the project determined parameters of replanting (such as adequate spacing, root structures, and species selected) that would offer greatest protection against stronger storms. However, it was also recognised that non-NbS interventions would be necessary. Storm-resilient housing designwas developed and piloted, protecting recipients of newly builthomes from impacts of typhoons. Viewing NbS as complementaryand not in isolation can embed NbS as a viable solution acrossmultiple sectors, including those not focussed on biodiversity conservation or sustainable development. Future Direction: Development of a standardised framework to assess how projects and programmes contribute to international targets and obligations to support mainstreaming of NbS. The implementation of NbS still lacks integration and uptake in policy and across sectors. Building an evidence base which recognises the co-benefits which NbS can deliver will be critical for realising the broad range of societal problems which NbS can address. Exploring how NbS contribute to the achievement of multiple obligations under a range of Multilateral Environmental Agreements may further support mainstreaming (NbS Principle: Consider trade-offs and synergies across multiple scales), particularly for NbS inclusion across ODA-funded programmes. Tying NbS implementation and objectives to international agreements provides clear policy levers and strengthens the call for monitoring and reporting performance at the national level. Adequate technical capacity, training and guidance must be providedif a coherent picture is to be built via project monitoring and reporting. Future Direction: Understanding the role and benefit of complementary approaches can enhance the overall effectiveness of NbS and other interventions in response to uncertain changes and building confidence to increase uptake across sectors and beyond ICF and ODA funding.