£ Give parityto all threepillars of the triple win > Account forsite-specific and complex dynamic contexts > Design with longevity and futureproofingin mind > Considertrade-offs and synergies across multiple scales> Engage local communities in a participatory approach > Put in placesocial and environmental safeguards > Provide sustainable, equitable financial incentives > Build robust,long-term monitoringsystems > Emphasise an adaptive management approach > Welcome to the Triple Win Toolkit: Implementation Guidance Use this interactive guide to learn more about how to implement a Nature-based Solution that efficiently and effectively addresses thetriple win. Step 1Click on a Principleto reveal the KeyConsiderations thatunderpin its adherence. Step 2Click on a Key Considerationto find out moreinformation andexplore useful resources. Principle KeyConsideration Effective Nature-basedSolutions 22 Intervention suitability Riskassessment Stakeholder analysis Disaggregate targets Stakeholder engagement Obtainconsent Biodiversity indicators Multi-dimensional poverty Driversof climatechange Biodiversity objectives Driversof biodiversity loss Trade-offs Multiple benefits Cost-benefit analysis Disaggregate impacts Sustainable livelihoods Financialimpacts Adaptive management Considerthe context Value for money Monitoring systems Assess effectiveness Adaptivecapacity Local partnerships Main-streaming Planahead Safeguards Give parityto all threepillars of the triple win > Engage local communities in a participatory approach > Account forsite-specific and complex dynamic contexts > Put in placesocial and environmental safeguards > Design with longevity and futureproofingin mind > Build robust,long-term monitoringsystems > Emphasise an adaptive management approach > Provide sustainable, equitable financial incentives > Considertrade-offs and synergies across multiple scales> Biodiversity indicators Multi-dimensional poverty Driversof climatechange Biodiversity objectives Driversof biodiversity loss Give parityto all threepillars of the triple win > Stakeholder analysis Disaggregate targets Stakeholder engagement Obtainconsent Engage local communities in a participatory approach > Intervention suitability Riskassessment Account forsite-specific and complex dynamic contexts > Safeguards Put in placesocial and environmental safeguards > Adaptivecapacity Local partnerships Main-streaming Planahead Design with longevity and futureproofingin mind > Value for money Monitoring systems Assess effectiveness Build robust,long-term monitoringsystems > Adaptive management Considerthe context Emphasise an adaptive management approach > Cost-benefit analysis Disaggregate impacts Sustainable livelihoods Financialimpacts Provide sustainable, equitable financial incentives > Trade-offs Multiple benefits Considertrade-offs and synergies across multiple scales> Key consideration: Does the project include specific objectives for biodiversity? How will this help me achievethe triple win? Biodiversity underpins a number of ecosystem services critical for human health and wellbeing, including the regulation of floods and disease outbreaks, and the provision of food, water and space for recreation. Healthy biodiverse ecosystems can also better withstand and recover from disturbance, natural disasters, and the effects of climate change. Enhancing biodiversity and ecosystem health can therefore harness co-benefits for local livelihoods and climate change adaptation and mitigation, and thus NbS projectsshould ensure biodiversity objectives are central to their approach to maximise the triple win. However, 19.4% of the NbS case studies assessed that were inODA-eligible countries had no stated objectives for biodiversity (see the Evidence Base chapter for further information). Of those that had biodiversity outcomes, 29.3% were qualitative, 50.9% were quantitative and only 0.4% were monetised. Quantitative and monetisedobjectives and outcomes better demonstrate the measurable benefits of NbS, which can increase their support and promote further uptake. Setting specific objectives for biodiversity ensures it is not overlooked or compromised, with priority instead given to poverty reduction or climate change objectives. NbS with low biodiversity value are more likely to result in trade-offs, as species-rich, multifunctional landscapes are central to sustainability. For example, fast-growing monoculture plantations are often used when the primary objectives are timber production and carbon sequestration, causing negative impacts on biodiversity. However, species-rich native forests are superior for carbon sequestration and support a greater variety of livelihoods and biodiversity. What resources are available? The Agroforestry in Bolivia and Urban reforestation in South Africa case studies demonstrate clear biodiversity objectives. Tools for Measuring, Modelling,and Valuing Ecosystem Services– outlines tools that can be usedto measure or model ecosystem services provided by importantsites for biodiversity and nature conservation. The Singapore Index on Cities’ Biodiversity – a tool to help cities assess how they can improve their biodiversity conservation effortsover time. Dasgupta Review: Section 2.10 – Biodiversity and Ecosystem Productivity – summarises the influence of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning and the value of monetising biodiversity. Setting National Biodiversity Targets – guidance on how to develop biodiversity objectives in line with the Convention on Biological Diversity framework, highlighting the different types of targets and how to monitor their progress. How Much Is Enough? The Recurrent Problem of Setting Measurable Objectives in Conservation – provides guidance on setting measurable objectives and outlines practical challenges in different social, political, and legal contexts. Biodiversity objectives Key consideration: Does the project seek to address the underlying drivers of biodiversity loss? How will this help me achievethe triple win? If an NbS project’s design does not address the underlying drivers of biodiversity loss (e.g. by enforcing laws, protecting lands of Indigenous Peoples or providing incentives to landowners) there is a high risk that the source of pressure will return once the project’s interventions conclude. Not only would this reduce the delivery of ecosystem services at the project site, it may cause “leakage”, i.e., displacement of threats from protected areas or those under biodiversity management to those that are not, thus undermining any biodiversity outcomes. Leakage may occur through activity shifting, in which destructive activities are displaced from inside to outside, and/or market effects, in which alterations to the supply, demand or equilibrium of natural resources lead to an increase in their value and create subsequent pressure to convert less well-protected areas elsewhere. This can not only lead to negative consequences for biodiversity, butmay also cause negative impacts on livelihoods and ecosystem services related to climate change adaptation and mitigation. Projects should therefore aim to address the underlying drivers of biodiversity loss to minimise leakage and ensure efforts to address one aspect of the triple win do not undermine another. What resources are available? The Silvopastoral systems in Colombia and Climate-resilient agriculture in Cambodia case studies provide examples of addressing the underlying drivers of biodiversity loss. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Drivers of Ecosystem Change – outlines direct and indirect driversof ecosystem change. Understanding and Managing Leakage in Forest-Based Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Projects – provides guidance on leakage from forest projects in developing countries and project level responses and policies. Drivers of Biodiversity Loss – an overview of the key drivers of biodiversity loss. Modelling Impacts of Drivers on Biodiversity and Ecosystems– guidance on the models that can be used to assess and predict the impacts of drivers on biodiversityand ecosystems. Driversof biodiversity loss Key consideration: Does the project have clearly defined indicators to monitor the impacts on biodiversity at an appropriate scale? How will this help me achievethe triple win? Biodiversity indicators are an essential tool for understanding progress towards biodiversity objectives. Whilst proxy measures for biodiversity can be utilised, adopting a range of indicators can help to fully capture the state of different habitats, species populations, or other aspects of biodiversity. However, data on species or habitats are often scarce or are not spatially explicit. In such cases, the pressure-state-response model can be a useful framework for identifying and structuring indicators. Pressure-state-response indicators are considered good proxies for monitoring biodiversity because, for example, ecosystems are more likely to be in good condition if the pressures on biodiversity are absent. Similarly, if the responses (i.e. actions) are effective and lead to positive impacts, they should manifest in an improved state of biodiversity. Biodiversity change also often occurs over relatively long time periods that may not be easily detected intypical reporting cycles. Projects should therefore identify and adopt a range of clearly defined biodiversity indicators to monitor progress towards project objectives and provide early warning of any unexpected impacts on biodiversity. What resources are available? Biodiversity Indicators in Context – provides project to portfolio recommendations on biodiversity indicators in reference to ICF and wider ODA spend, and further detail on two proposed key performance indicators: Hectares under ecological restoration and Improvement in status of threatened species. Biodiversity Indicators Review –an overview of the relevance ofexisting biodiversity indicators forICF programmes and NbS. Biodiversity Indicator Framework Review – an overview of relevant biodiversity indicator frameworksfor ICF programmes and NbS. The Silvopastoral systems in Colombia case study utilises the Environmental Services Index asan overall biodiversity indicator(see one of the project’s Annual Reviews for more detail). OECD Environmental Indicators: Development Measurement and Use – an overview of commonly agreed upon environmental indicators.Annex II provides guidance on the pressure-state-response model. Linked Indicator Sets for Addressing Biodiversity Loss – details a four-stage Response-Pressure-State-Benefit framework for the selectionof indicators. Measuring Ecosystem Services – guidance on developing ecosystem service indicators. Biodiversity Indicators for Monitoring Impacts and Conservation Actions – outlines a methodology for developing site-level indicators to monitor significant positive and negative biodiversity impacts. Biodiversity indicators Key consideration: Does the project seek to address the multiple dimensions of poverty? How will this help me achievethe triple win? Nature-based solutions should be centred around enhancing biodiversity and ecosystem services to improve the welfare and adaptive capacity of the poorest members of society. Poverty is a complex, multi-dimensional issue encompassing a variety of different factors, including health, education, food and water security, income and living standards. However, it is often defined by one-dimensional measures, usually based on income. Adequate shelter, public infrastructure, and basic services such as education, healthcare and access to food and water are therefore also important considerations for NbS projects concerned with poverty reduction. Setting a range of poverty reduction objectives and adopting relevant targets and indicators will help to ensure interventions address the multiple dimensions of poverty. Moreover, integrated nature-based solutions that address climate change and biodiversity loss to improve the welfare of local communities are central to achieving the triple win. What resources are available? The Climate-resilient agriculture in Cambodia case study uses a Basic Necessity Score, as well as food security and crop yields, to measure poverty reduction, whilst the Mangrove restoration in Viet Nam case study addressed poverty through accessto safe housing. Poverty and Climate Change: Reducing the Vulnerability ofthe Poor Through Adaptation –how to mainstream and integrate adaptation to climate change into poverty reduction efforts. Mainstreaming Poverty-Environment Linkages into Development Planning: A Handbook for Practitioners – guidance on mainstreaming poverty-environment linkages into national development planning. Global Indicator Framework for the Sustainable Development Goals – goals and targets from the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and associated indicators. The Key Livelihoods Programme Indicators – a standardised list of 22 outcome indicators for the livelihoods sector grouped by objective. Multi-dimensional poverty Key consideration: Does the project seek to address the underlying drivers of climate change? How will this help me achievethe triple win? Climate change and biodiversity loss are often treated as separate issues, when in fact they are highly interconnected. Increased human activities are driving ecosystem degradation and global declines in biodiversity, which in turn impact the quality and quantity of ecosystem services. The deterioration of ecosystem services then exacerbates climate change, already the third largest driver of biodiversity loss, resulting in negative consequences for human health and wellbeing. NbS thus have great potential to address the challenges of climate change and biodiversity loss in parallel. NbS can also facilitate climate change adaptation, either by increasing the adaptive capacity of communities, or reducing their exposure or sensitivity to climate hazards. Working with and enhancing the natural environment through NbS can therefore reduce biodiversity loss and the degradation of ecosystems, and in turn mitigate the impacts of climate change for local communities. Utilising potential synergies with biodiversity enhancement and poverty reduction will maximise the long-term effectiveness of interventions, as well as their contribution towards the triple win. Identifying and addressing the underlying drivers of climate change, rather than simply climate-proofing communities against short-term climate impacts, will lead to long-term transformational change and greater climate resilience. NbS should not only be reactive interventions, but should also incorporate anticipatory and precautionary measures, based on projected climate impacts and vulnerabilities, to ensure communities are adequately preparedfor future unknowns. Developing clear climate change mitigation and/or adaptation objectives and targets, and using appropriate indicators to monitor progress over time, will help to ensure interventions deliver the intended climate benefits. Whilst climate change mitigation is most often assessed though indicators that measure physical quantities of greenhouse gas emissions avoided, there is no uniform indicator for adaption due to its context specificity. Adaptation is often closely interlinked with sustainable development, and thus adaptation objectives are likely to overlap with those of poverty reduction, requiring indicators which are tailored tothe specific purpose and context. What resources are available? The Ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction in Afghanistan, Ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction in Haiti and Mangrove restoration in Viet Nam case studies provide examples of using training and infrastructure to improve disaster preparedness and risk planning. Climate Smart Agriculture Sourcebook – an overview of the roleof sustainable forest management in climate change adaptation and mitigation. AFOLU Carbon Calculator – a tool that allows users to estimate the CO2 benefits and potential climate impacts of different types of land-based project activities. Guidance on Integrating Ecosystem Considerations into Climate Change Vulnerability and Impact Assessment (VIA) to Inform Ecosystem-based Adaptation – advice on how to integrate consideration of ecosystems and their services into climate change adaptation interventions. Twelve Reasons Why Climate Change Adaptation M&E is Challenging – identifies challenges that make monitoring and evaluating climate change difficult and highlights strategies to address each. Learning to ADAPT – presents existing approaches, methodologies and indicators for the evaluation of climate change adaptation interventions. CRiSTAL – a project planning tool to identify climate risks and the affected livelihoods, and determine what adjustments can support climate adaptation. Climate Change Policy Brief: Adaptation Metrics and the Paris Agreement – outlines the different purposes of applying adaptation metrics and provides recommendations for their targeted use. Driversof climatechange Key consideration: Has the project conducteda stakeholder analysis? How will this help me achievethe triple win? To ensure engagement with local communities is as inclusive as possible, projects should firstly conduct a stakeholder analysis to identify the full range of social groups likely to be affected by the project (e.g. ethnicity, class, age, gender, ability). This allows the needs of the most vulnerable to be put at the centre of NbS projects and helps to ensure activities do not adversely impact marginalised groups or the poor, who are often reliant onthe environment for their livelihoods. By identifying, categorising and understanding the characteristics and nature of various stakeholder groups, potential conflicts can be anticipated and avoided, and livelihood benefits can be maximised. What resources are available? The Ecosystem-based adaptation in the Gambia case study conducted a stakeholder analysis and produceda Stakeholder Engagement Plan. BiodivERsA Stakeholder Engagement Handbook – considersa three-step stakeholder identification process: identification of relevant stakeholders; assessing and prioritisation; and developing understanding. Finding Ways Together to Build Resilience: The Vulnerabilityand Risk Assessment Methodology – allows the root causes of vulnerabilities for distinct social groups to be identified and assists the development of programmes and risk reduction initiatives accordingly. Multi-stakeholder Management: Tools for Stakeholder Analysis – Ten building blocks for designing participatory systems of cooperation. Stakeholder analysis Key consideration: Are targets set for ambitious yet achievable participation by both men and women in project activities, and where possible are indicators disaggregated accordingto gender (and otherrelevant social criteria)? How will this help me achievethe triple win? The vulnerability and capacity of different social or minority groupsmay vary across populations and communities. For example, womenand men may play different roles within their community, have different traditional responsibilities within the economic life of their family, or have unequal access to natural ecosystems and their uses. As a result, differences in gender or other social criteria may influence their vulnerability, adaptive capacity, or ability to contribute toproject decisions and activities. Disaggregating targets and indicators accordingly helps to ensure that vulnerable groups are consideredand appropriately accommodated in project design and implementation.For example, to enable womento participate in a project, it mightalso be necessary to organise childcare, provide additionaleducation, or run workshopsfor men and women separately. NbS projects should ensure that targets and indicators are disaggregated according to relevant social criteria to ensure that climate vulnerable people are identified and targeted, and the benefits of the triple win are shared equitably withoutexcluding or posing a cost to specific minority groups. What resources are available? The Ecosystem-based adaptation in the Gambia case study provides an example of using a Gender Assessment to accommodategender in project design. Integrating Gender and Social Equity into Conservation Programming – a guide for recognising and integrating gender and social equity dimensions into community-based conservation projects. Appendix 1 lists questions that can help to identify where a project may be strong or weak in addressing gender and social equity. The Gender Data Portal – provides sex-disaggregated data and gender statistics per country/region, covering demography, education, health, economic opportunities, public lifeand decision-making, and agency. Social Institutions & Gender Index – measures discrimination against women in social institutions across180 countries. Gender and Inclusion Toolbox – provides guidance and tools on gender sensitive and socially inclusive frameworks for climatechange programmes. Gender Dynamics in a Changing Climate – provides guidance onhow gender and adaptive capacity affect resilience and gives examplesof how to integrate gender into community-based adaptation approaches. Transforming Gender Inequalities – guidance for achieving gender transformation in resilient development. Disaggregate targets Key consideration: Have all relevant stakeholders, especially Indigenous Peoples and local communities, been engaged in the design, future implementation, management, and monitoring of the project? How will this help me achievethe triple win? NbS projects need to acknowledge and integrate into project design a plurality of value and knowledge systems that exist among different cultures regarding human-nature interactions. Humans have used nature to buffer the effects of climate change for millennia, and thus local and traditional knowledge can provide important insights on biodiversity and ecosystem trends that may not be captured by scientists and experts, making it possible to anticipate and improve unexpected negative outcomes before they occur. Engaging a diverse range of stakeholders can also foster mutual learning and knowledge co-creation, which can strengthen relationships and ensure project activities are both socially acceptable and defensible. To facilitate stakeholder engagement, projects should adopt a participatory approach, whereby everyone who has a stake in the intervention has a voice, either in person or by representation. Participatory approaches may range from simply information sharing and communication of project plans, to more interactive approaches, such as joint analysis and action plan development. Considering the information and communication needs of different stakeholder groups and buildinga common knowledge base willimprove outreach effectiveness. What resources are available? The Agroforestry in Bolivia, Integrated water resource management in the Democratic Republic of the Congo andCoastal afforestation in Bangladesh case studies provide key examples of utilising multistakeholder, participatory approaches. ICAT Stakeholder Participation Guide – a guide to conducting effective stakeholder participation in relation to sustainable development and greenhouse gas mitigation objectives. Adaption Planning Support Toolbox – provides systematic waysof engaging local policymakers, planners, and citizens. Indigenous and Traditional Knowledge and Practices for Adaptation – highlights best practices, lessons learned and available tools for the use of indigenous and traditional knowledge and practices. Weathering Uncertainty: Traditional Knowledge for Climate Change Assessment and Adaptation – provides an overview of the contribution traditional/indigenous knowledge makes to our understanding of global climate change. Participatory Monitoring, Evaluation, Reflection and Learning for Community-based Adaptation – informs participatory strategies and guides the development of locally specific, community-based indicators to measure success. Applications and Guidelines on the Delphi Technique – a participatory method used for gathering and evaluating stakeholder knowledgeand opinions. Adaptation Planning with Communities – guidance on community adaptation action planning, providing a conceptual overview of the process, as well as explanations and examples of how it works in practice. Stakeholder engagement Key consideration: Where Indigenous Peoples are likely to be affected,do all activities have Free, Prior and Informed Consent? How will this help me achievethe triple win? Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) is a specific right that pertains to Indigenous Peoples and is recognised in the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, the Convention on Biological Diversity and the International Labour Organization. It aims to establish bottom-up consultation, allowing Indigenous Peoples to give or withhold consent to a project that may affect their communities or territories. FPIC ensures that all peoples have the right to freely pursue social, cultural or economic development opportunities. To ensure Indigenous Peoples’ rights are protected, NbS projects should ensure they obtain FPIC beforeproject implementation. What resources are available? Free Prior and Informed Consent: An Indigenous Peoples’ Right and a Good Practice for Local Communities – a practitioner manual detailing a regulatory framework andsix-step procedure to facilitate theFPIC process. Nature-based Climate Solutions Must be Guided by a Rights-based Approach – provides guidance on taking a rights-based approach when developing an NbS. Akwé: Kon Guidelines – the Convention on Biological Diversity’s voluntary guidelines for the conduct of cultural, environmental and social impact assessment regarding developments likely to impact sacred sites or areas traditionally used by indigenous and local communities. Obtainconsent Key consideration: Is the chosen intervention appropriate for the temporal dynamics and complexityof the ecosystem? How will this help me achievethe triple win? As NbS are highly context dependent, considering ecological, socio-economic and political interactions and the wider landscape within project activities will improve their effectiveness. Any NbS should be based on the best available scientific evidence and designed in collaboration with expert consultation and local knowledge to ensure there are no unintended consequencesfrom the intervention. NbS interventions should avoid changing or simplifying an ecosystem in favour of a particular service or resource. For example, replacing natural mixed woodland with a monoculture tree plantation, orplanting trees in historic grasslands or peatlands, can reduce water supply, spread invasive species, and increase social inequity. Conversely, selecting appropriate native species and promoting natural regeneration is more likely to maximise ecosystem service benefits and contribute towards achieving the intended outcomes. NbS projects should carefully consider the temporal dynamics and ecosystem complexity of the target area to ensure that chosen interventions maximise each of the triple win objectives, without negatively impacting another. Actions and decisions should thereforebe based on site-specific climatic projections and ecological data acquired from appropriate spatialand temporal scales. What resources are available? Biodiversity Indicators in Context – outlines the key biodiversity indicator aspects to consider at the project or programme level in order to achievea positive impact. The Mangrove restoration in Viet Nam case study provides an example of using natural regeneration and considering site specificity to ensure successful restoration. Global Tree Search Database – provides a checklist of native tree species per country. The International Standards for Ecological Restoration – detailsa ‘native reference ecosystem’ model to guide restoration actions. Tree Planting is Not a Simple Solution – highlights why treeplanting must be carefully plannedand implemented to achievedesired outcomes. Nature Based Solutions for Disaster Risk Reduction – Table 3.7 lists different NbS categories with corresponding measures and interventions per ecosystem type. The Restoration Opportunities Assessment Methodology – provides a framework to identify priority areas for forest landscape restoration at national or sub-national level. Climate Change Knowledge Portal – provides global data on historical and future climate change vulnerabilities and impacts per country, region, and watershed. Scenario Planning for Climate Change Adaptation: A Guidancefor Resource Managers – a step-by-step guide to using scenariosto plan for climate change adaptation. Natural Climate Solutions World Atlas – a tool to identify countries with high NbS potential in relation to reducingnet greenhouse gas emissions. Intervention suitability Key consideration: Have potential socio-economic and political risksbeen acknowledged and actions to mitigate anyrisks been identified? How will this help me achieve the triple win? Interventions carried out in fragile conflict-associated countries inevitably involve a degree of risk. Events such as political unrest, corruption, fraud, and economic crises impact human societies and cause changes to the way ecosystem goods and services are used. These disturbances can directly and indirectly affect the livelihoods of local communities, for example through higher input prices, reduced production, and lower crop prices, and thus can impact NbS intervention efforts. NbS projects should aim to identify risks and take appropriate steps to address them, rather than avoid them, as risk avoidance can exacerbate fragility in the long run. Understanding risks in terms of the local context, the interactions that occur between different measures of risk mitigation, and the way in which stakeholders perceive mitigation measures is crucial for the development of effective risk frameworks. Moreover,as no set of risk measures can predict all outcomes, risk frameworks must be flexible and capable of being adaptedto changing conditions. What resources are available? The Integrated water resource management in the Democratic Republic of the Congo case study provides an example of mitigating potential conflict. Development Assistance and Approaches to Risk in Fragile and Conflict Affected States – provides case studies and examples of specific practices, tools and instruments to manage risks. Enhanced Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment – an approach to assess risk and identify actions to reducethat risk. National Mitigation Potential from Natural Climate Solutions in the Tropics – provides an overview of the governance, biophysical and financial factors that influence the feasibility of implementing NbS and identifies countries where internationalfinancing has greatest potential. Riskassessment Key consideration: Has the project identified all necessary social and environmental safeguards to ensure the principle of ‘do no harm’ is firmly embedded during project implementation? How will this help me achievethe triple win? Safeguarding systems define‘do no harm’ principles that outline their coverage, i.e. what to safeguard, or what to safeguard against. The need for credible safeguards directly stems from the interconnected nature of development issues. Safeguards encompass a range of issues including, but not limited to, human rights,gender equality, health and safety,and land tenure. Adopting appropriate safeguarding mechanisms will help to prevent and mitigate any negative, unintended consequences that may arise from an NbS intervention. Safeguards are particularly important for NbS projects aiming to achieve the triple win, as they can help to ensure interventions have a positive, rather than negative, impacton biodiversity and livelihoods. NbS projects can implement environmental and socialsafeguarding systems though Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs), Strategic Environmental Assessments (SEAs) and Enhanced Vulnerability and Capacity Assessments (EVCAs). Moreover, stakeholder consultations, grievance and redress mechanisms, transparency requirements, and monitoring and verification systems can be implemented to help to avoid any negative impacts on local communities and aid conflict resolution. What resources are available? The Ecosystem-based adaptation in the Gambia and Mangrove restoration in Viet Nam case studies produced safeguards reportsto ensure safeguards were respected. Positive Results, No Negative Consequences: No-harm Options for Article 6 – recommendations on a minimal standard for safeguards for sustainable development interventions. Figure 1 provides an overview of safeguard principles and tools for their implementation. Guidance on Integrating Climate Change and Biodiversity into Environmental Impact Assessment – aims to help improve the way in which climate change and biodiversity are integrated into EIAs. Voluntary Guidelines for the Design and Effective Implementation of Ecosystem-based Adaptation to Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction – section 2.2.2 provides a comprehensive listof safeguards for effective planningand implementation relevant toNbS projects. REDD+ Safeguards – outlines the safeguards that should be promoted when implementing REDD+ activities and signposts how developing countries are addressing andrespecting these safeguards. Safeguards Key consideration: Does the project aim tobuild the adaptive capacityof local communities? How will this help me achievethe triple win? The impacts of climate change are often unpredictable, diverse and occur over both long and short-term timescales. Adapting to climate change is therefore extremely challenging, requiring thorough context-specific forward-planning in relation to potential risks, vulnerabilities, and impacts. A local community’s adaptive capacity may be influenced by several different factors, such as financial and human resources, education, and governance. Building adaptive capacity is central to improving community resilience to climate change and involves developing procedures and local skills that will enable continued response to changing climatic conditions. Improving the adaptive capacity of a community can support long-term participation and sustained benefits beyond the project implementation phase. For example, utilising existing community leadership roles and supporting the management of resources helps to build ownershipand can improve a community’sability to respond to futurechallenges caused by climate change. Strengthening local communities’ access and control of knowledge, institutions, resources, technologies, partnerships, and decision-making processes is fundamental to successful adaptive capacity building. Projects can build adaptive capacity through participatory design, implementation, management and evaluation of the intervention. Undertaking baseline assessments of existing skills and institutional capabilities can help to identify gaps where capacity building is required. Workshops and training programmes can then be used to facilitate adaptive capacity building, which may vary from lectures to more participative and practice driven exercises, with hands-on training being particularly valuable. What resources are available? The Ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction in Afghanistan, Wetland restoration and climate-smart agriculture in Uganda and Urban reforestation in South Africacase studies provide examplesof successful capacity building. CADRI – a capacity assessment and planning tool for disaster risk management. Strengthening Voices for Better Choices – a capacity needs assessment process. Climate Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis Handbook – a tool used to gather and analyse information on community-level vulnerability and capacity, to inform the identification of actions that build climate change resilience. Gender-sensitive Climate Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis– a framework for analysing vulnerability and capacity to adapt to climate change, with a particular focus on social and gender dynamics. Strengthening Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change – provides conceptual and practical knowledge on adaptive capacity building drawing on work with vulnerable communities in Niger and Northern Ghana. Stocktaking for National Adaptation Planning (SNAP) Tool – a tool to assess, enhance, and monitor a country’s capacity for adaptation planning. A Field Practitioner’s Guide – Institutional and Organizational Analysis and Capacity Strengthening – supports institutional and organisational analysis and strengthening for the design and implementation ofprogrammes and projects. Adaptivecapacity Key consideration: Does the project aim to establish local partnerships? How will this help me achievethe triple win? Ecosystems often provide services to a range of stakeholders and sectors, yet ecosystem boundaries rarely coincide with those of governance. As such, NbS frequently require cross-sectoral and intergovernmental collaboration. Establishing partnerships with local governments in developing countries can be extremely challenging due to budgetary, political or capacity constraints, and in some cases, local governments may be non-existent. In such cases, projects can develop partnerships with local community-based organisations and businesses to improve the uptake and sustainability of the chosen intervention, or with local education institutions and universities to foster understanding and support for the intervention. Developing partnerships with other sectors, such as industry or development, and aligning goals and actions accordingly can help to mitigate potentially conflicting interests and ensure that there are net benefits for biodiversity, climate and people. For example, developing partnerships with industry and promoting sustainable growthand decarbonisation can help to maximise the impact of an NbS. Partnerships that involve multiple stakeholders from a range of sectors (corporates, governments, NGOs, scientists, practitioners, landowners) will be more likely to achieve long-lasting outcomes for poverty reduction, climate change and biodiversity. Projects should ensure the roles and responsibilities of all partner institutions and stakeholders are clearly defined before project implementation to ensure coordinated and coherent action. What resources are available? The Ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction in Haiti and Integrated water resource management in the Democratic Republic of the Congo case studies provide examples ofworking with community-based organisations. Guide on Designing and Facilitating Multi-Stakeholder-Partnerships – provides guidance on how to design, facilitate and manage multi-stakeholder partnerships. Words into Action Guide – section 1.4.5 highlights the importance of local partnerships to Eco-DRR interventions and provides guidance on developing and mobilising in-country partnerships. Partnerships for Nature-Based Solutions in Urban Areas –provides examples of multi-stakeholder partnerships, private sector leadership, and citizen engagement, whichhave supported the developmentor implementation of NbS in urban areas, highlighting successes and lessons learnt. Local partnerships Key consideration: Has the project assessed whether the intervention is a national priority or has potential to be mainstreamed into national policy? How will this help me achievethe triple win? The implementation of an NbS can be hindered by politically driven short-term action and decision-making cycles, particularly when benefits accrue over long timescales. However, governments are increasingly prioritising climate change and biodiversity within theirpolicy frameworks, and NbS are becoming central to objectives and actions related to sustainable development, climate changeadaptation and disaster risk reduction. Projects should try to align their approach with existing national and global policy frameworks to improve their long-term implementation. Strengthening coherence with relevant policies can increase support for NbS and improve their potential to be mainstreamed into policy, thus futureproofing against shifting political priorities. For example, there may be opportunity for projects to align with National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs), National Adaptation Plans (NAPs), Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), disaster risk management plans, development plans or climate change strategies at a national level. Multi-lateral agreements such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the Paris Agreement and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Strategic Plan for Biodiversity are key policies to align with at an international level. Many countries also have dedicated national-level bodies to address biodiversity and climate change. Partnering with and strengthening existing national institutions will improve the mainstreaming potential of NbS interventions and may provide the infrastructure and capacity to continue project activities beyond the implementation period. For example, if the intervention can be embedded within mandatory reporting cycles,this may facilitate long-term monitoring and evaluation. Assigning capable government officials or respected members of society as NbS champions can also help to drive support foran intervention and promotelegislative change. What resources are available? Biodiversity Indicator Framework Review – summarises the biodiversity indicator frameworks of most relevance to NbS projects and the ICF programme. The Mangrove restoration in Madagascar and Indonesia, Ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction in Afghanistan andWetland restoration and climate-smart agriculture in Uganda case studies provide examples of how projects can align with global and national objectives. Tools for Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction – provides guidance on adapting programming, project appraisal and evaluation tools for mainstreaming. Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture and Natural Resources Management Projects – provides lessons learnt, best practices, recommendations, and useful resources for integrating climate risk management and adaptation in development projects. Mainstreaming Environment and Climate for Poverty Reduction and Sustainable Development – guidance on effectively mainstreaming poverty-environment issues into planning,budgeting and monitoring. Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into DevelopmentCo-operation – guidance for policy makers and practitioners on how to mainstream climate change into development. Pathway for Increasing Nature-based Solutions in the Nationally Determined Contributions – provides government guidance on identifying potential NbS to enhance climate mitigation and adaptation action,and how to integrate NbS into NDCs. Recommendations for Aligning National Adaptation Plan Processes with Development and Budget Planning – provides guidance on how to integrate adaptation to climate change into a country’s planning and budgeting system. Using NDCs and NAPs to Advance Climate-Resilient Development – guidelines on streamlining and leveraging NDCs and NAPs to improve adaptation planning and action. Important global policies and commitments to align with: Sustainable Development Goals CBD Strategic Plan for Biodiversity The Paris Agreement Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction National Biodiversity Strategiesand Action Plans Countries with Voluntary Land Degradation Neutrality Targets National REDD+ Strategies and Actions The Bonn Challenge Main-streaming Key consideration: Has the project determined how the infrastructure and resources required to carry out the intervention will be mobilised and sustained? How will this help me achievethe triple win? The infrastructure and resources required to carry out and sustain the project intervention should be determined and sourced well in advance of project initiation to avoid delays resulting from unreliable supply chains or lack of labour. For example, a key issue faced by many NbS restoration projects is the inadequate supply of plant material. Utilising seed zone maps to identify appropriate sources, establishing tree nurseries to provide a local seed source, and using climate resilient tree species can help to mitigate future problems associated with tree planting interventions. Projects should also aim to use locally available infrastructure andlabour when possible, or develop local capacity through training. The resources and infrastructure required for all aspects of the project, beyond those needed for implementation, should be accounted for in project design, including those required for capacity building, policyand finance support, mainstreaming, and monitoring and evaluation. What resources are available? The Urban reforestation in South Africa and Ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction in Afghanistan case studies provide examples of establishing community-run tree nurseries. The Ecosystem-based adaptation in The Gambia and Climate-resilient agriculture in Cambodia case studiesprovide examples of utilising climate resilient plant species. CADRI – a capacity assessment and planning tool for disaster risk management. Adaptation Planning with Communities – guidance on community adaptation action planning, providing a conceptual overview of the process, as well as explanations and examples of how it works in practice. Strengthening Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change – highlights the analysis and planning processes, information, resources and decisions required for effective capacity building. The Seed Information Database – provides seed biological trait data that can be used as decision support for seed conservation interventions. The Millennium Seed BankTechnical Information Sheets – covers various aspects of seed conservation practices andfacilities, including collectionand storage techniques. Planahead Key consideration: Is value for money assessed throughout the project? How will this help me achievethe triple win? Evaluating cost-effectiveness and value for money is an important component of any project. This is especially the case for NbS projects which seek to achieve the triple win, since there are many non-monetisable (or difficult to monetise) benefits associated with the triple win objectives and these, along with the costs of the project, may accrue unevenly across impacted groups. Where possible, cost-benefit analyses (see Key Consideration: Cost-benefit analysis) or other value for money assessments, should be performed before, during and after the project. Such assessments should not only justify the intervention, but be repeated to test the validity of any initial assumptions, whether the value for money of the project has changed since its inception, and prospective financial returns on investment. This will help build the evidence base, serving as blueprints for future project development, highlighting areas where assumptions may be particularly sensitive and where future research and attention is most critical. What resources are available? Economics and Finance – includes a review of the research and literature related to the cost-efficiency of NbS projects. Green Book – HM Treasury guidance on how to appraise and evaluate projects and programmes. National Audit Office – can be usedto assess value for money. Value for money Key consideration: Are robust monitoring and evaluation systems in place, both during and after the project life cycle? How will this help me achievethe triple win? The collection of ecological and socio-economic data before, during and after the implementation of an interventionis fundamental to understandingproject performance and underpinsthe development of any evidence base, highlighting best practices and areasfor improvement. Yet, 40.3% of theNbS case studies assessed that were in ODA-eligible countries (283 projects) appeared to have no monitoring available (see Evidence Base). Monitoring and evaluation processes should assess changes in anticipated or avoided risks, ecological systems and services, and resilience impacts, through a set of predefined indicators. Moreover, they should incorporate feedback loops with targeted communities and local stakeholders to inform changes in activity and identify any capacity gaps or determinantal impacts based on changes over time. NbS projects should allocate sufficient staff time and budget to monitoring and evaluation to ensure triple win outcomes are either on track to deliver, or actions can be adapted to ensure they deliver by project completion. The impacts of an NbS may take several years to be fully realised, as many benefits will occur long after project completion. It is therefore important that monitoring and evaluation is carried out after project completion to fully capture the long-term effectiveness of an intervention and assess whether targets and goals have been met. Many NbS projects fail to conduct post-project monitoring and evaluation, often due to a lack of funding or resources. Integrating local stakeholders and experts into monitoring and evaluation practices is one way of reducing costs, whilst also building local capacity. Developing an ongoing monitoring and evaluation plan that accounts for post-project costs and resources will also help to accommodate monitoring systems that continue beyond the project implementation phase. What resources are available? Biodiversity Indicators in Context – provides project to portfolio recommendations on biodiversity indicators in reference to ICF and wider ODA spend, and further detail on two proposed key performance indicators: Hectares under ecological restoration and Improvement in status of threatened species. Also details how considering each of the Triple Win Toolkit Principles in relation to biodiversity monitoring can improve project planning and implementation. IUCN Global Standard for Nature-based Solutions – provides guidance to assess the effectiveness of NbS interventions, including eight criteria, 28 indicators, and a self-assessment tool. IPCC Guidelines and Good Practice Guidance – provides supplementary methods and good practice guidance for estimating, measuring, monitoring and reporting on carbon stock changes and greenhouse gas emissions. Guidebook for Monitoring and Evaluating Ecosystem-based Adaptation Interventions – highlights key considerations and components for each step of monitoring and evaluation and signposts additional tools and methodologies. Ecosystem-based Adaptation Monitoring and Evaluation– Indicators – provides guidance on developing a monitoring and evaluation system and how to select and developappropriate indicators. Impact Evaluation Guidebook for Climate Change Adaptation Projects – an overview of different impact evaluation methods and how they can be applied to climate change adaptation projects. MAES, EKLIPSE and NUA provide other examples of monitoring and evaluation frameworks relevant toNbS projects. Monitoring systems Key consideration: Does the project outline how the effectiveness of the intervention will be assessed, i.e. in relation to no action or grey infrastructure? How will this help me achievethe triple win? It is difficult to capture and synthesise the effectiveness of an NbS in comparison to alternatives since the benefits are often distributed across a range of stakeholders, sectors, and scales, all of which may be influenced by a range of interacting, context-specific factors. Many of these benefits are not captured in economic appraisals, which are often restricted to a particular area, timeframe, or stakeholder group. NbS projects should therefore seek to assess both monetisable and non-monetisable benefits in relation to each of the triple win objectives and impacted stakeholders to prevent undervaluation and better understand which groups benefit most from the proposed intervention. Providing evidence on the effectiveness of an intervention can also help to build both public and financial support, which can improve the sustainability of an intervention and promote up-scaling. In particular, ensuring results are accessible and improving knowledge sharing mechanisms will help to promote support for an NbS. Projects should seek to disseminate information on intervention results and effectiveness transparently, using formats that are accessible for both policymakers and local communities, to maximise intervention impact. What resources are available? The Mangrove restoration in Madagascar and Indonesiacase study provides an example of assessing the effectiveness of an intervention in comparison to a ‘do nothing’ approach. See the project Business Case for more information. Saved Health, Saved Wealth: An Approach to Quantifying the Benefits of Climate Change Adaptation – outlines how to quantify the benefits of adaptation measures in terms of avoided economic damages, illnesses and mortality, which can be used to select the most promising options, or as an evaluation tool. Ecosystem-based Adaptation Effectiveness – provides guidanceon assessing the effectiveness of ecosystem-based approachesto climate adaptation. Green Infrastructure Effectiveness Database – details the effectiveness of green infrastructure for coastal resilience, as well as measures of effectiveness. Is Ecosystem-based Adaptation Effective? – demonstrates how assessing local perceptions can be a useful way of measuring intervention effectiveness and provides guidance on success factors and barriers in relation to recognising benefits. Dredging versus Hedging – an example of how to assess greyand green infrastructure in relation to flooding. Nature-based Solutions Evidence Platform – an evidence base to compare the effectiveness of different NbS approaches for addressing climate change, allowing a comparison of social, ecological and economic effects. Assess effectiveness Key consideration: Has the project adopted an adaptive management approach? How will this help me achievethe triple win? As ecosystems and societies are continuously changing in response to complex interactions across a range of scales, management results cannot be predicted with certainty. Management decisions should therefore be flexible, anticipatory, locally contextualised and informed by assessing past, present and projected future conditions. Adopting an adaptive management approach will help to ensure each of the triple win objectives are efficiently and effectively achieved. Adaptive management involves adjusting goals and actions in response to new information. Incorporating feedback between project implementation phases and including alternative routes can facilitate adaptive management. This can be achieved by developing and monitoring appropriate success indicators at regular time intervals.For example, permanent sample plots can be established in intervention areas to monitor ecological responses over time. Due to the challenges and costs associated with structured monitoring and any associated changes in activity, adaptive management approaches are still rarely implemented in NbS projects. Ensuring goals and actions are flexible from the onset and allocating excess budget to account for monitoring and any unforeseen activities can help to accommodate adaptive management. Projects should also put in place mechanisms to allow stakeholdersand beneficiaries to provide feedback, or challenge actions and decisionsthat may negatively impact them. Public workshops and questionnaires can be useful for obtaining feedback and understanding stakeholder viewsand concerns. What resources are available? The Silvopastoral systems in Colombia, Mangrove restoration in Viet Nam and Agroforestry in Bolivia case studies provide key examples of utilising an adaptive management approach. The Adaptive Management Technical Guide – provides guidance on implementing adaptive management approaches for natural resource management. The Adaptive Water Resource Management Handbook – provides tools and instruments for adaptive management for the water sector. Adaptive Management for Ecosystem Services – a framework for the application of adaptive managementfor ecosystem services. Integrating Adaptive Management and Ecosystem Services Concepts to Improve Natural Resource Management: Challenges and Opportunities – explores how ecosystem services can be integrated within adaptive management and the associated value. Adaptive management Key consideration: Has the socio-ecological context been considered within the adaptive management approach? How will this help me achievethe triple win? Understanding the situations in which an intervention works is a critical component of effective adaptive management and is especially pertinent to NbS projects with potentially competing triple win objectives. Socio-ecological modelling canbe used to ensure the intervention functions not only in ecological terms, but also in social and economic terms. Participatory modelling and solution-led sustainability assessments can also be useful to identify potential feedbackloops across ecological, social and economic dimensions. What resources are available? A Conceptual Model of the Social-Ecological System of Nature-based Solutions in Urban Environments – provides guidance on the socialand ecological interconnectionswithin nature-based solutionsand the range of stakeholdersand disciplines involved. Toolkit for the Indicators of Resilience in Socio-ecological Production Landscapes and Seascapes – provides practical guidance and indicators for engaging local communities in adaptive management of the landscapesand seascapes in which they live. Scenarios and Models of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services – provides guidance on the appropriate and effective use of scenarios and models across a broad range of decision contexts and scales. Considerthe context Key consideration: Has a cost-benefit analysis been prepared? How will this help me achievethe triple win? Cost-benefit analysis is an important exercise to understand not only the scale of expected benefits and costs, but also the types of benefits and costs which a project is expected to generate, and to whom they are expected to accrue. Cost-benefit analysis should be used to inform project designers whether the proposed NbS supports local livelihoods and/or compensates commensurately. By documenting all benefits and costs, cost-benefit analysis can be used to check whether the project delivers in respect of each of the triple win objectives, as well as instigate a comprehensive comparison of NbS projects in ODA-eligible countriesand their respective value for money. Participatory assessments, perceptions analysis, group modelling and integrated sustainability assessments can help to capture some of the benefits that are likely to be missed in economic or quantitative analyses. Multi-criteria analyses can be used to explore the costs and benefits of different management approaches under a variety of scenarios, whilst socio-economic monitoring can be used to ensure payments benefit the target group and mitigate negative consequences. What resources are available? The Mangrove restoration in Madagascar and Indonesia and Silvopastoral systems in Colombia case studies conducted comprehensive cost-benefit analyses, comparing the intervention options against different scenarios. See the Madagascar and Indonesia Business Case and the Colombia Business Case formore information. Green Book – guidance on how to undertake detailed social cost-benefit analyses. Simplified Guidelines for Social Cost-Benefit Analysis of Climate Change on a Local Scale – presents a simplified evaluative framework aimed at local governments and NGO’s focussed on climate change adaptation interventions. ADB Guidelines for the Economic Analysis of Projects – guidanceon how to undertake economicand financial assessments ofproject viability. Guide to Developing the Project Business Case – provides a guideto developing a project business case. National Audit Office – can be usedto assess value for money. Cost and Benefits of Ecosystem-Based Adaptation – guidanceon the economic effectivenessof ecosystem-based approaches, providing examples of cost-benefit analysis, cost-effective analysisand multi-criteria analysis. Cost-benefit analysis Key consideration: Have the impacts of the project been disaggregated? How will this help me achievethe triple win? NbS projects in ODA-eligible countries may operate at scales where the benefits and costs accrue disproportionately across affected communities. Benefits and costs can be distributed unequally by type, quality, quantity, or access. Not all benefits and costs are the same since their underlying characteristics differ. Understanding how and why these differences manifest is important to ensure that the benefits are shared equitably and that the achievement of the triple win objectives doesn’t come at a cost for specific communities. This further strengthens the long-term sustainability of the project post-implementation. What resources are available? The Mangrove restoration in Viet Nam and Ecosystem-based adaptation in the Gambia case studies provide examples of disaggregating benefits by gender. Green Book – provides guidance on assessing benefit and cost distribution. Applying the Ecosystem Services Concept to Poverty Alleviation:The Need to Disaggregate Human Well-being – explains why improving ecosystem service flows doesn’t necessarily produce wider wellbeing improvements for all local communities. Application of the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework in Development Projects – describes common methods and approachesto assess livelihoods and their sustainability within differentsocial groups. Disaggregate impacts Key consideration: Where relevant, has the project considered a plausible alternative sustainable livelihood activity? How will this help me achievethe triple win? Some NbS projects involve restricting certain unsustainable activities. Where this is the case, it’s important to understand the underlying drivers of the previously damaging activities and to provide alternative sustainable livelihoods. If the drivers are not addressed, there is a risk that the incentives to revert to previously unsustainable activities will renderthe NbS ineffective in the long-termor displace pressures elsewhere. For example, Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) schemes can provide alternative sources of income for activities which protect, restore or enhance nature (and therefore the benefits that flow from it), and non-timber forest products can sometimes be monetised, which may provide a buffer against fluctuating carbon or timber markets whilst simultaneously protecting biodiversity. The identification of any new livelihoods and/or sources of income should be co-created with local communities to ensure activitieswork and are accepted withinexisting socio-cultural structures. What resources are available? The Climate-resilient agriculture in Cambodia and Ecosystem-based adaptation in the Gambia case studies provide examples of implementing sustainable livelihoods. The Silvopastoral systems in Colombia case study providesan on-the-ground example of establishing PES schemes. Guide to Getting Started with PES Schemes – outlines steps to developing PES projects, and associated opportunities and risks. Making the Market Work for Nature – guidance on biocredits as a market mechanism like carbon credits, and how they can protect biodiversityand reduce poverty. Guide for Small and Medium Enterprises in the SustainableNon-Timber Forest Product Tradein Central Africa – provides an overview of different forest products and how to harvest them sustainably. Local Investments for Climate Change Adaptation – a guide on the types of adaptation activities that use employment intensive approaches,with a focus on inclusive local practices for environmental sustainability. Sustainable livelihoods Key consideration: Has the project considered the short- and long-term financial impact on local communities? How will this help me achievethe triple win? The proposed local benefits of NbS projects may take time to materialise. NbS projects should therefore financially support local communities in both the long- and short-term and avoid external shocks into other areas of the local economy. For example, if intensive agriculture is replaced with restoration projects, local food production may decline, causing an increase in food prices and a reduction in food security. It is important to consider the financing of new activities, their timing, and whether the incentives provided by different activities ensure the longevity of the NbS project. Supporting alternative sustainable livelihoods may require that local people have direct access to carbon markets (or a share of its revenues) or low-interest start-up loans and grants. In some cases, NbS benefits may take several years to become apparent, and short-term costs may accrue. Providing incentives, such as access to secure water sources, can help to off-set any short-term losses. What resources are available? Economics and Finance – includes an overview of financial and funding models appropriate for NbS projects. Investing in Nature – provides a guide to financing conservation and NbS. The Green Buck – a guide tousing economic tools to deliver conservation goals. BIOFIN Catalogue of Finance Solutions – provides an overviewof biodiversity finance instruments, tools, and strategies. BIOFIN Workbook – guides the identification, development and implementation of financing plansand solutions for nature. SDG Financing Solutions – a toolkit outlining different sustainable development financing solutions available, as well as their potential advantages, disadvantages, risksand characteristics in differentcountry settings. Biorights – a financing mechanism for linking poverty reduction and environmental conservation. Nature-based Solutions Business Model Canvas Guidebook and Canvas provide an easy-to-use toolto capture the business model of an NbS (from an urban context). Catalyzing Climate Finance –a guidebook on financing climate-resilient development in low income countries and developing capacity to enable public and privateinvestment flows. Financialimpacts Key consideration: Have any trade-offs been clearly acknowledgedand mitigated as bestas possible? How will this help me achievethe triple win? Maintaining ecosystem and landscape level ecological processes often comes at the cost of other land use practices, such as provisioning ecosystem services, and trade-offs may arise due to competing triple win objectives. For example, when implementing sustainable land use practices, maximising the spatial extent of an intervention to improve carbon sequestration may conflict with maximising the number or financial need of beneficiaries when funding is limited, as a small number of wealthy individuals may own the majority of land in the target area. Projects should therefore carefully consider potentialtrade-offs between triple win objectives to ensure funding allocation and beneficiary selection is optimised. It is crucial that the reasons for any unavoidable trade-offs are substantiated and mitigating actions are based on best practices and scientific guidance. Accountability and regulatory frameworks can be put in place to ensure trade-offs are fair and do not have any unintended negative consequences. Arranging for monitoring to be carried out by third-party actors or through social audits involving local community members can help to improve transparency and impartiality. What resources are available? The Silvopastoral systems in Colombia case study provides akey example of how partial trade-offs may occur between climate change objectives and poverty reduction objectives. Enhancing Nature-based Solutions Acceptance Through Stakeholders’ Engagement in Co-benefits Identification and Trade-offs Analysis – provides a methodology to detectand analyse trade-offs among stakeholders due to differencesin co-benefits perception. InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Environmental Services and Trade-offs) – provides a tool to assess the trade-offs of different management choices. ROOT (Restoration Opportunities Optimization Tool) – a tool to evaluate trade-offs among different ecosystem services and visualise where investments in restoration couldbe made to optimise benefits. Trade-offs Key consideration: Will the project deliver multiple ecosystem services and co-benefits across a range of spatial and temporal scales? How will this help me achievethe triple win? NbS can provide synergies across ecosystem services, and may simultaneously provide co-benefits for biodiversity, climate, human wellbeing, and the economy. Projects should therefore adopt a holistic, landscape approach when possible, considering synergies across wider landscapes and timescales, and in particular, the effect that interventions in one habitat or area have on another. Working at the landscape or watershed scale will maximise intervention reach andthe long-term benefits to each of the triple win objectives. However, working at scale across broad landscapes and seascapes can present significant challenges and therefore thorough forward-planning is essential. For example, environmental and heritage protection laws, administrative and jurisdictional boundaries, technical limitations, planning permits and building regulations may createhurdles and should be considered before project implementation. Stakeholders and departments with conflicting priorities and interests may be required to cooperate to transform practices and technologies to make them applicable at a larger scale, yet there may be no financial capacity to facilitate this. Aligning with existing national programmes, spatial plans, business models and financing mechanisms can provide the financial incentive to support up-scaling. Furthermore, if the intervention produces co-benefits when up-scaled, these can be used to demonstrate the contribution of the intervention to multiple policy goals to promote up-scaling. What resources are available? The Ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction in Afghanistan, Ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction in Haiti and Integrated water resource management in the Democratic Republic of Congo case studies were designed as field-based models to scale-up Eco-DRR in vulnerable countries, providing valuable guidance on the associated considerations and barriers. Nature Map Explorer – a set of integrated global maps on biodiversity and ecosystem services that can be used to inform policies and interventions aimed at limiting biodiversity loss and greenhousegas emissions in parallel. The TESSA Toolkit – provides practical guidance on how to identify and assess the ecosystem services provided at a particular site. ARIES (ARtificial Intelligence for Ecosystem Services) – allows rapid ecosystem service assessment and valuation. Think Nature Handbook – Table 3.1 outlines various ecosystem services and other NbS benefits at different scales. Multi-Functional and Multi-scale Assessment of Green Urban Infrastructure – demonstrates the benefits and trade-offs of green urban infrastructures on three spatial scales. A Framework for Assessing and Implementing the Co-benefits of Nature-based Solutions in Urban Areas – provides a seven-stage process for situating co-benefitassessment within policy andproject implementation. Multiple benefits