NbS Triple Win Toolkit: Economics and Finance 55 Project description Country of project Type of intervention Study type Discount rate (%) Benefit cost ratios Benefits valued Local scale studies Blue Forests Initiative Madagascar & Indonesia Mangrove restoration NbS project 10 (3.5 for carbon) 6 GHG emissions avoided Increased incomes Ecotourism Recreation Biodiversity Coastal protection Building the Resilience of Wetlands in the Provinceof Datem del Marañón, Peru Peru Wetland management NbS project 7 1.2 GHG emissions avoided. Increased incomes Ecosystem-based Adaptation in the Indian Ocean Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles Ecosystem based adaptation NbS project 5 8 - 11 Increased incomes Water provision An economic analysis of ecosystem-based adaptation and engineering options for climate change adaptation in Lami Town, Republic of theFiji Islands (Rao et al, 2013) Fiji Mangrove restoration Grey literature 3 9 - 19 Avoided household losses Avoided business losses Avoided health costs Avoided environmental costs Ecosystem services Comparing the cost effectiveness of natural and built coastal adaption in the USA (Reguero et al, 2018) USA Ecosystem based adaptation Published literature 2 & 10 <=10 Avoided losses from coastal protection Table 3 Details of local and global scale research assessing the economic efficiency of NbS in the coastal environment.