NbS Triple Win Toolkit: Biodiversity Indicators in Context 40 Additionality (or attribution) describes comparisons between project impacts and what would have happened without the project. This may take the form of a business-as-usual projection, or a control site elsewhere, which can again be used to distinguish any impacts as a result of project’s actions from any changes that would have happened in the absence of the project. From a biodiversity perspective, determining additionality will require a good understanding of the ecosystem and wider socio-political context, because it involves not only predicting a business-as-usual scenario for the project area but also predicting how that scenario would then affect different aspects of biodiversity. Both of the indicators recommended as potential KPIs include this additionality aspect: projects must show the restoration or improvement in a species’ habitat due to the project funding, not changes that would have occurred anyway. Measuring additionality and displacement Displacement (or leakage) refers to cases where stopping an impact in one place simply means it starts somewhere else. Indirect land use change is a significant displacement effect, whereby land lost to production in one area leads to additional land conversion in another area. This is of particular relevance to NbS, many of which focus on restoration of natural habitats. For example, if tree planting or wetland reconstruction takes place in an area that was previously used for the production of commodities, the action of reconstructing these habitats does not reduce the overall demand for these commodities. Therefore, because of market pressures, a similar amount of commodity will likely end up being grown elsewhere. This may take place in previously undisturbed habitat leading to land conversion and no real difference caused by the NbS at a global scale. Some discussion of how this can be accounted for is given within the technical guides, but it is likely to be under-reported.