NbS Triple Win Toolkit: Future Directions 113 Future Direction: Support the planning and implementation of biodiversity indicators appropriate to the project or programme. Biodiversity indicators are often insufficient or misapplied or biodiversity benefits of a project assumed. While Biodiversity conservation has been considered in Official Development Assistance (ODA) funding and other development projects for decades, it is often not directly considered or monitored – with benefits reliant on qualitative information – or monitored using indicators inadequate for indicating ecosystem function – relying solely on activity-based measurements.In some cases, harmful activities, such as habitat alteration, are treated as biodiversity benefits – such as the use of non-native speciesor tree-plantation in non-forested ecosystems. The Biodiversity Indicators in Context chapter recommends two indicators that may be more indicative of ecosystem functioning or the status of threatened species. These indicators could be developed and incorporated into project or programme design to monitor future ODA projects successin the achieving biodiversity elements of the triple win. Future Direction: Evaluating thresholds of effectiveness for NbS to inform selection of appropriate interventions and potential complementary approaches to maximise benefits to society. There is a lack of understanding of when NbS interventions may be insufficient in the face of climate change and disaster risk management, or where uncertainty limits uptake and scalability. Inherent uncertainties regarding NbS performance remain, given the complexity and dynamic nature of the natural systems that underpin them. Certain NbS may perform sufficiently up to a certain threshold of pressures exerted upon them, such as the strength of storm surge a mangrove or wetland will regulate. Testing or evaluating these thresholds will improve understanding of which interventions are appropriate to address particular challenges. This knowledge canhelp build trust with local stakeholders and assess risk exposureof investments in NbS. Identification of potential NbS shortcomings provides an opportunity to identify inclusion of other measures needed to improve long-term performance, such as incorporating storm-resilient infrastructure and early warning systems into project design. There will be limits to the scale at which NbS present effective investments and how benefits are maximised. For instance,expanding the spatial scale of a project can result in constricted finances being stretched too far to be effective. One of the selected case studies (Silvopastoral Systems in Colombia) exemplifies this;as the intervention expanded across a broader spatial extent and included more communities, funding became too thinly spreadand limited effectiveness in addressing poverty reduction.Greater understanding of the thresholds for upscaling projectsis critical to ensure projects realise the benefits delivered.