NbS Triple Win Toolkit: Biodiversity Indicators in Context 34 at that location. The STARr values incorporate the proportion of restorable AOH for each species to estimate the contribution habitat restoration would offer towards alleviating extinction risk at a location. STARr scores are scaled to account for the slow and low success rate of restoration efforts. See the method guidance and Mair et al. 202137 for detailed methods. STARt and STARr values have been generated on a global scalefor amphibians, birds and mammals and these data are availablepre-calculated at 50 km resolution from Mair et al. (2021)37. This will soon be updated with additional comprehensively assessed taxonomic groups (including reptiles, cacti, cycads, conifers, freshwater fishes and reef-building corals), but it is already possible to calculate STAR incorporating these and indeed any globally assessed species. It is also possible to calculate the values at any resolution for which relevant land cover or habitat data are available, which is likely to be a required step for landscape scale programmes where 50 km resolution is not suitable. At a programme level, managers would be required to report on the spatial extent of any threat abatement or restoration activities. These data are then used to calculate the STAR scores. This calculation is the most resource-intensive step of the process and requires technical Geographic Information System (GIS) expertise, so it is envisaged that this step will be performed by ICF analysts but this will be dependent on the analytical capacity of programme teams. STAR scores can then be summed to determine the impact of programme funding, and can be aggregated to report on total reduction of threatened species’ risk across a portfolio of investment. This total can be disaggregated according to threat, highlighting the contribution of each threat to extinction risk. To report against this indicator a programme must: Identify which threats are addressed by the programme each year according to the IUCN Threat Classification38 Provide details of threat abatement activities conducted in each year, and how activities will abate each of the threats within the defined area Document the area over which threat abatement activities are taking place in the reporting year and provide as a spatial extent layer (If applicable) Provide details of habitat restoration activity and provide a spatial extent layer over which restoration is conducted in the reporting year As the STAR method includes global datasets that can be used to calculate the resulting impact on threat status of species, these steps are the minimum requirement for project-level assessments. If data are available, projects could also provide any species abundance, threat intensity/extent data as well as any available local land cover maps, to provide improved and locally relevant data. Programme teams can apply the Mair et al. (2021)37 method to project-level and global datasets derived from the IUCN Red List to generate STAR values(see method guidance and IUCN examples39). In future therewill be an option to derive the STAR values using the Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool (IBAT), thereby reducing thetechnical expertise required to derive this indicator. Applicability across systems and projects STAR is a spatially explicit metric and is applicable at multiple scales from individual projects to national and global scales. To date it has only been used in terrestrial areas (although see Scope for more on expansion to include freshwater fishes and reef corals). STAR can be calculated at a landscape scale to assess the impact of individual projects towards improving the status of threatened species using