NbS Triple Win Toolkit: Future Directions 115 Future Direction: Adaptive management approaches adopted to allow for adjustment and flexibility to work confidently with uncertainty and accommodate change as required. Inability to accurately predict the outcomes of NbS intervention, due to complex and changing environments and socio-political contexts, creates uncertainty. NbS performance varies over temporal scales, including seasonal variability and as interventions mature over years, decades and potentially centuries. Carbon sequestration or biodiversity benefits from restoration projects will not be at peak performance at time zero. Understanding fluctuations in performance will require appropriate metrics and indicators (see Biodiversity Indicators in Context). Adopting an adaptive management approach enables interventions to be tailored to ongoing changes in ecological and social conditions, incorporate new knowledge as it becomes available, and cope with uncertain effects of climate change.Reviewing intervention performance and weighing benefits over extended timescales enables lessons learned to be captured and policies adjusted at relevant scales (see NbS Principle: Emphasise an adaptive management approach). Use of adaptive management approaches was a recognised gap in the existing literature. Robust indicators and long-term monitoring must be in place to inform adaptation to change and recognise effective pathways to replicateand ensure sustainability of benefits post-implementation. Future Direction: Identification and analysis of approaches to maintain post-project monitoringand longevity could help reveal how best to ensure benefits are sustained long-term. Post-project evaluations of outcomes present a significant gap in available information. The lack of post-project evaluations, especially after five-to-ten years post-implementation, leads to uncertainty around project impact as the objectives for the triple win and NbS are often delivered on longer timescales. This gap is likely due to a lack of funding post-implementation. Funders should consider cost effective means for monitoring and reporting long-term impacts. Funders could request that extended cost-benefit analyses be included in project plans or consider investment in local institution capacity building toa level sufficient that ensures long-term monitoring and maintenance of project activities (see NbS Principle: Design for longevity and futureproofing). Ways to extend the longevity of NbS performance monitoring and benefits delivery might include: Long-term funding or requirement to provide extendedcost-benefit analysis Building local capacity and creation of participatory approach Partnership with local NGOs or other established institutions These approaches must be contextually tailored, consider multiple scales, and societal equity. For example, project-level capacity development plan can result in newly trained experts leaving forother opportunities. Creating a plan to train a critical mass ofrelevant specialists at the local or national level introducesresiliency to carry out long-term monitoring, evaluationand maintenance.