NbS Triple Win Toolkit: Glossary 120 Carrying capacity = In ecology, the carrying capacity of a species in an environment is the maximum population size of the species that the environment can sustain indefinitely. The term is also used more generally to refer to the upper limit of habitats, ecosystems, landscapes, waterscapes or seascapes to provide tangible and intangible goods and services (including aesthetic and spiritual services) in a sustainable way147. Climate risk = A measure of the probability of harm to life, property and the environment that would occur if a hazard took place. Risk is estimated by combining the probability of events and the consequences that would arise if the events took place. It denotes the result of the interaction of physically defined hazards with the properties of the exposed systems i.e. their sensitivity or social vulnerability150. Climate-smart/resilient agriculture = An integrated approach to increase food production sustainably and optimize productivity with efforts to strengthen the resilience to climate change and variabilityand reduce agriculture’s contribution to climate change86. Co-benefits = The positive effects that a policy or measure aimed at one objective might have on other objectives, irrespective of the net effect on overall social welfare. Co-benefits are often subject to uncertainty and depend on local circumstances and implementation practices, among other factors. Co-benefits are also referred to as ancillary benefits77. Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) = A decision tool which judges the desirability of projects by comparing their costs and benefits150.It assesses the impact of different options on social welfare,valuing all relevant costs and benefits in monetary terms,unless it is not proportionate or possible to do so117. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) = A decision tool which compares alternative ways of producing the same or similar outputs117. Decentralisation = The transfer of authority and responsibility for public functions from the central government to the subordinate government and/or private sector. It includes political, administrative, fiscal and market dimensions150. Deforestation = Human-induced conversion of forested land to non-forested land. Deforestation can be permanent, when this change is definitive, or temporary when this change is part of a cycle that includes natural or assisted regeneration147. Do No Harm principle = To prevent and mitigate any negative impact of actions on affected populations151. Discount rate = The annual percentage rate at which the present value of future monetary values is estimated to decrease over time117. Displacement = Reduction of an impact in one place results in the impact starting or increasing in another location, counteracting the benefits of the initial reduction (project definition). Ecological engineering / Ecoengineering / Bioengineering =The design of sustainable ecosystems that integrate human society with its natural environment for the benefit of both52. Ecosystem resilience = Ecosystems suffer natural disturbances (strong winds, fires) that affect their structure and operation, to which they respond through the recolonization of vegetable species in the affected areas. The recovery time is directly dependent upon the intensity and extension of the disturbance. The ecosystems’capacity to approximately return to the state prevailing priorto the disturbance is called resilience150.