Project approach Cacao and coffee-based agroforestry are important livelihood alternatives for indigenous communities in the region. By building technical capacity in agroforestry through training workshops, communities have improved agricultural productivity and greater access to markets, supporting and diversifying local livelihoods. Well-managed agroforestry plotswith diverse shade tree canopy also provide habitat for birds and other wildlife, and increase carbon storage. The project supports a decentralised and cost-efficient system for control and vigilance of indigenous territories. By strengthening the capacity of widely distributed agroforestry producers through communication protocols, threat mapping and rapid collective response, communities are able to exert territorial control over large areas. Project outcomes Highlights of the project interventions by March 2020: Through agroforestry, 271 indigenous producers have increased productivity of cacao by 85%, or of coffee by 203%. Average annual household income increased by 102% for cacao producers. Avian diversity increased by 22% inside agroforestry plots and is 69% higher compared to monoculture crops. 13 coffee producers are certified under the Smithsonian standards as “bird friendly”. System developed for reporting illegal encroachments on 636,466 ha of indigenous territories. Restoration of 336 ha of agroforestry plots and native groves using agroforestry approaches (pruning, soil management and diversifying canopy shade trees). Established 127 ha of new agroforestry systems as an alternative to slash-and-burn agriculture. 591 indigenous producers (including 154 women) trained in pre-harvest management of agroforestry plots and native cacao forest groves, surpassing targets. Post-harvest management improved through 12 workshops on quality control and development of six community processing infrastructure ‘modules’. Further expected outcomes by project completion (2021): Engage further producers to expand activities. As income from coffee has stabilised, the marketing strategy will be adapted to access higher paying markets. An estimated 152,672 tCO2e absorbed in new agroforestry plots, as well as 46,374 tCO2e prevented through 80 ha of avoided deforestation. Lessons learnt Adapt to the context: The socioeconomic impacts arising from gold mining in the region represents an obstacle for promoting sustainable agroforestry. Promoting the high-quality and increased value of products from agroforestry has been recognised as an effective mechanism to continue gradually increasing the number of producers. Utilise adaptive management: Climate change is a significant challenge to farmers, threatening production in years of extreme drought and rain. The project responded by transplanting wild cacao relatives to agroforestry plots and diversifying the crops planted. This increased genetic variability and promoted varieties more resilient to extreme weathers. Engage local communities: One indigenous culture was more interested in other forest products. The project adapted the engagement approach by focussing on activities which required less time commitment, such as agroforestry management. Sustainability and legacy of project By working with established producer organisations in the region operating under approvedand legitimate indigenous management plans and natural resource use regulations, longevity of activities beyond the project duration is promoted. Sustainability and legacy are also supportedby the transference of technical knowledge to producer organisations and empowering indigenous communities to govern and control their land. Economic sustainability was enhanced through increased household incomes and market linkages. Further information:https://www.darwininitiative.org.uk/project/DAR24011/ Diagram of the NbS interactions showing that agroforestry provides benefits for climate change mitigation, poverty reduction and biodiversity. Climate change mitigation Increased incomes & livelihood benefits Biodiversity enhancement Increased productivity More habitat for wildlife Nitrogen fixation andcarbon sequestration Soil nutrientcycling Agroforestry Case study – Agroforestry in Bolivia 147 Return to Principles