NbS Triple Win Toolkit: Glossary 119 Adaptation (to climate change) = The process of adjustmenttoactual or expected climate and its effects. In human systems, adaptation seeks to moderate or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities. In some natural systems, human intervention may facilitate adjustment to expected climate and its effects77. Adaptive management = A systematic process for continually improving management policies and practices by learning fromthe outcomes of previously employed policies and practices.In active adaptive management, management is treated asa deliberate experiment for purposes of learning147. Adaptive capacity = The general ability of institutions, systems,and individuals to adjust to potential damage, to take advantageof opportunities, or to cope with the consequences147. Afforestation = Converting grasslands or shrublands into tree plantations. Afforestation is sometimes suggested as a toolto sequester carbon, but it can have negative impacts onbiodiversity and ecosystem function147. Agroforestry = Agroforestry is a collective name for land-use systems and technologies where woody perennials (trees, shrubs, palms, bamboos, etc.) are deliberately used on the same land-management units as agricultural crops and animals, in some form of spatial arrangement or temporal sequence147. Alternative livelihoods = An approach to conserve biodiversity by substituting one livelihood activity that is causing harm to a species or habitat (such as bushmeat hunting or firewood collection) with another activity, or resource, that will cause less harm. Although its primary outcome is to alleviate threats to biodiversity, a strong secondary outcome is to improve the wellbeing of certain targeted groups of people148. Glossary Benefit-cost ratio = The ratio of the present value of benefits to the present value of costs. It provides a measure of the benefits relativeto costs117. Biodiversity = The variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems149. Carbon market = A market where carbon shares are traded. Carbon shares are also known as pollution or carbon credits. Carbon market functions with a limit on allowable level of emissions. Polluters who are under this set cap can sell their excess emission rights to those concerns who have crossed this cap150. Carbon sequestration = The long-term storage of carbon in plants, soils, geologic formations, and the ocean. Carbon sequestration occurs both naturally and as a result of anthropogenic activities and typically refers to the storage of carbon that has the immediate potential to become carbon dioxide gas147. Carbon storage = The biological process by which carbon in the form carbon dioxide is taken up from the atmosphere and incorporated through photosynthesis into different compartments of ecosystems, such as biomass, wood, or soil organic carbon. Also, the technological process of capturing waste carbon dioxide from industry or power generation and storing it so that it will not enter the atmosphere147.