FINANCIAL AND ACCOUNTING INFORMATION 12. Long-term assets 12.1 Goodwill and intangible assets SOFTWARE AND OTHER TOTAL STRATEGIC DISTRIBUTION INTANGIBLE INTANGIBLE (in millions of euros) PARTNERSHIPS NETWORKS ASSETS ASSETS GOODWILL Gross carrying amount as of January 1, 2016 185.6 681.6 664.0 1,531.2 4,656.3 Change in consolidation scope – – 18.1 18.1 44.6 Additions – – 46.6 46.6 – Disposals – – (17.9) (17.9) (26.3) Currency translation adjustment – 1.0 (2.0) (1.0) 40.1 Other changes – – 8.5 8.5 26.3 Gross carrying amount as of December 31, 2016 185.6 682.6 717.3 1,585.5 4,741.1 Change in consolidation scope – (1.8) (1.6) (3.4) (40.9) Additions – – 50.2 50.2 – Disposals – – (53.6) (53.6) – Currency translation adjustment – (33.3) (33.9) (67.2) (225.3) Other changes – – 1.9 1.9 – Gross carrying amount as of December 31, 2017 185.6 647.6 680.2 1,513.4 4,474.9 Accumulated amortization and depreciation as of January 1, 2016 – (5.8) (417.4) (423.2) (389.7) Change in consolidation scope – – 5.5 5.5 – Amortization expense – – (58.5) (58.5) – Impairment losses – – – – (46.8) Write-off (1) – – (6.4) (6.4) – Release – – 17.1 17.1 26.3 Currency translation adjustment – – (4.2) (4.2) (4.3) Other changes – – (6.3) (6.3) (26.3) Accumulated amortization and depreciation as of December 31, 2016 – (5.8) (470.3) (476.1) (440.8) Change in consolidation scope – – 0.6 0.6 15.2 Amortization expense – – (62.1) (62.1) (11.6) Impairment losses – – 49.8 49.8 (133.7) Currency translation adjustment – – 23.9 23.9 10.8 Other changes – – 0.1 0.1 – Accumulated amortization and depreciation as of December 31, 2017 – (5.8) (457.9) (463.7) (560.0) Carrying amount as of January 1, 2016 185.6 675.8 246.6 1,108.0 4,266.6 Carrying amount as of December 31, 2016 185.6 676.8 247.1 1,109.5 4,300.2 Carrying amount as of December 31, 2017 185.6 641.8 222.3 1,049.7 3,914.9 (1)Own brand business terminated in the United Kingdom. Strategic partnerships to the value added to each branch through the Strategic partnerships acquired in businessexistence of a network, and include notably banners combinations arise from contractual rights. Their and catalogues. Their measurement is performed valuation is determined on the basis of a discounted using the royalty relief method based on royalty rates cash flow model. used for franchise contracts, taking their profitability into account. The royalty rate ranges from 0.4% to Distribution networks 1.0% of sales depending on each country. Distribution networks are considered separable Strategic partnerships and distribution networks assets as they could be franchised. They correspond are regarded as having an indefinite useful life when REXEL 2017 – REGISTRATION DOCUMENT 234