18 KEY INGREDIENTS (ADL); 4–6 for moderate pain (in- average VAS score of 8.2. After terfering significantly with ADL); 5 days of treatment, nimesulide and scores in the range of 7–10 significantly lowered pain scores for severe pain (disabling; unable from severe to mild-moderate, re- to perform ADL). sulting in an average score of 3.8 (p<0.00001). Pain categories of Statistics allthe volunteers changed; 4 out of 12 reported in the mild category Statistical analyses were perfor- and 8 in the moderate range. Vo- med using Statview software ver- lunteers supplemented with the ex- sion 4.51.1 (Abacus Concepts, tract of mangosteen reported a si- Berkeley, CA, USA). The data are gnificant reduction in pain scores, expressed as mean ± standard de- from severe to moderate percep- viation (SD). Differences between tion, rating an average score of 5 groups were evaluated using (p<0.00001). With the exception unpaired Student’s t-test. of 1 individual who remained in the severe category (poor responder), results all volunteers showed an improved pain category (Figure 2). Pre-clinical model of inflammation LPS induces a significant releases of TNF-α in plasma, as observed inthe LPS group. Pre-supple- mentation with mangosteen ex- tract 30 min before LPS injection significantly lowered LPS-induced TNF-α release (-69%; p<0.05) in the MGS group. TNF-α levels re- mained under the limit of detection by the ELISA assay (<0.031 ng/ mL) in the STD group (Figure 1). discussion Human clinical study. At baseline, all volunteers were The present study provides evi- experiencing severe pain with an dence for the first time that a 5-day